- Every media text has its own 'language' or sometime combination of languages.
- They are used to communicate meaning.
- TV for example uses verbal and written language as well as the languages of moving images and sound.
- They are called 'languages' even if they aren't audio because they use familiar codes and conventions that are generally understood.
- Denotation and Connotation are terms describing the relationship between the signifier and the signified.
- John Fiske (1982) stated that, "denotation is what is filmed, connotation is how it is filmed."
- Evaluating media language involves evaluating all micro elements and how they have created some form of meaning to inform us about genre, narrative, representations/ideology and targeting of audiences.
- Semiotic terminology helps us to explain our encoding of elements and codes and conventions within media texts.
- The preferred meaning of what we wanted our audience to decode (Stuart Hall, 1980) should also be considered.
Micro Elements: Mise-en-Scene:
- Includes all aspects of production design and cinematography
- It creates the diegetic world - the fictional space and time implied by the narrative.
- Includes:
- location: settings, set-design, iconography
- character: costume, properties, make-up, actors, gesture
- cinematography - lighting, colour
- layout/page design - colour, juxtaposition of elements.
Micro Elements: Camerawork:
- Includes:
- Shot types
- Camera composition
- Camera movement
- Camera angles
- Also important to consider continuity:
- establishing/re-establishing shots
- transitions
- 180 degree rule
- action match
- cross-cutting
- cutaway
- insert shots
- shot-reverse-shot structures
- eyeline match
- And non-continuity elements:
- montage sequence
- flash back/forward
- ellipsis
- graphic match
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